Ronen Shnidman: Shanghai’s three distinct Jewish communities: stateless refugees, Russian Jews and Baghdadi Jews.

Ronen Shnidman: A young Jewish refugee with her Chinese playmates in Shanghai. Photo by Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum

Jonathan Goldstein: There was very little non-commercial interaction, such as dating and marriage between Jews and Chinese or, for that matter, between Russian, Central European, and Baghdadi Jews in Shanghai.